Optimizing Germination Protocols for Juniperus Procera: Effective Strategies for Conservation and Restoration in Saudi Arabia's Mountain Ecosystems

Hosam A. El Adawy

Abstract: Juniperus procera (African juniper) populations in Saudi Arabia face severe degradation due to climate change, anthropogenic pressures, and inherently low natural regeneration rates. This study evaluated various seed treatments to optimize germination protocols for large-scale seedling production in the Al-Baha region. Seeds were subjected to chemical treatments (sulfuric acid 40-98%, citric acid 5,000-20,000 ppm, sodium hydroxide 5-20%), physical treatments (cold stratification at 4?C, water soaking, mechanical scarification), and their combinations. Seed viability assessment via tetrazolium staining (68%) proved more accurate than flotation testing (83%). The highest germination rates were achieved through water soaking for 24 hours (70 ? 34.6%) and 5,000 ppm citric acid treatment for 24 hours (66.7 ? 15.3%), followed by 70% sulfuric acid for 5 minutes (63.3 ? 20.8%), and cold stratification at 4?C for 6 weeks (56.7 ? 5.8%). Sodium hydroxide treatment and mechanical scarification yielded inconsistent results. These findings provide practical, cost-effective protocols for breaking the complex dormancy of J. procera seeds, supporting conservation efforts and Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 sustainability goals. The study highlights the importance of species-specific approaches to optimize germination in arid-adapted conifers, offering valuable insights for ecological restoration in the region's threatened juniper forests.

Keywords: Juniperus procera, seed dormancy, germination enhancement, Saudi Arabia, ecological restoration, sustainable forestry